The Nobel Prizes (pictured) are considered the most prestigious award for intellectual achievement. Established by Swedish inventor and industrialist Alfred Bernhard Nobel, they were first awarded in 1901. The prizes were originally given in five categories: chemistry, physics, physiology or medicine, literature, and peace. In 1969 the first prize in economics was awarded.
Over the years, more than 780 individuals and organizations have been awarded a Nobel Prize. The International Committee of the Red Cross is the most honoured recipient, with three Peace Prizes; its founder, Henri Dunant, was co-winner of the first Peace Prize in 1901. Four individuals—John Bardeen, Marie Curie, Linus Pauling, and Frederick Sanger—have won two Nobel Prizes.
In recognition of the recent announcement of the 2006 Nobelists, Encyclopædia Britannica presents its Guide to the Nobel Prizes.
Alfred Bernhard Nobel
Get to know this Swedish chemist, engineer, and industrialist, including the inventions that brought him his great wealth and helped establish the Nobel Prize:
2006 Nobelists
Our Guide to the Nobel Prizes recognizes every single Nobel Prize winner since the first awards were handed out in 1901, including this year's recipients:
Britannica's Nobelists
Encyclopædia Britannica is proud to have had more than 100 Nobelists contribute to its various publications, including:
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Of the 766 individuals who have won a Nobel Prize, 33 have been women. Women have won in every category except economics. The first female to win a Nobel Prize was Marie Curie (pictured), who received the award for physics in 1903. In 1935 her daughter, Irène Joliot-Curie, won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry. The two women are the only mother-daughter pair to win Nobel Prizes.
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