Many countries recognize the role of women in history at this time of year, and March 8th is traditionally celebrated as International Women’s Day. In paying homage to women’s achievements this month, Encyclopædia Britannica’s "300 Women Who Changed the World" identifies 300 women who helped shape the course of history. Review their accomplishments, locate their birthplaces, and discover the eras in which they lived. The women's topics portray significant issues and dates, such as feminism and Mother's Day. The timeline tells a general story of women's achievements over the course of human history, and "In Their Own Words" showcases the essays, speeches, poetry, and other writings by some of the women highlighted in our feature.
Biographies
Selected personalities from Encyclopædia Britannica's 300 Women Who Changed The World include:
Artists—Architects, Composers, Painters, Sculptors
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Frida Kahlo - Mexican painter noted for her intense, brilliantly coloured self-portraits painted in a primitivistic style. |
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Nadia Boulanger - Conductor, organist, and one of the most influential teachers of musical composition of the 20th century. |
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Competitors—Athletes, Warriors
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Sonja Henie - Norwegian-born American world champion figure skater and Olympic gold medalist who went on to achieve success as a professional ice skater and as a motion picture actress. |
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Mata Hari - Dancer and courtesan whose name has become a synonym for the seductive female spy. She was shot by the French on charges of spying for Germany during World War I, although the nature and extent of her espionage activities remain uncertain. |
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Discoverers—Astronauts, Astronomers, Explorers, Scientists
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Rachel Carson - American biologist well known for her writings on environmental pollution and the natural history of the sea. |
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Amelia Earhart - American aviator, one of the world's most celebrated, who was the first woman to fly alone over the Atlantic Ocean. |
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Leaders—Politicians, Rulers
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Eva Perón - Second wife of Argentine president Juan Perón, who, during her husband's first term as president (1946–52), became a powerful though unofficial political leader, revered by the lower economic classes. |
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Benazir Bhutto - Pakistani politician who became the first woman leader of a Muslim nation in modern history. She served two terms as prime minister of Pakistan, in 1988–90 and in 1993–96. |
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Performers—Actresses, Dancers, Entertainers, Musicians, Singers
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Lucille Ball - Radio and motion-picture actress and longtime comedy star of American television, best remembered for her classic television comedy series I Love Lucy. |
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Ella Fitzgerald - American singer who became world famous for the wide range and rare sweetness of her voice. She became an international legend during a career that spanned some six decades. |
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Scholars—Philosophers, Researchers, Teachers
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Maria Gaetana Agnesi - Italian mathematician and philosopher, considered to be the first woman in the Western world to have achieved a reputation in mathematics. |
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Maria Montessori - Italian educator and originator of the educational system that bears her name. The Montessori system is based on belief in the child's creative potential, his drive to learn, and his right to be treated as an individual. |
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Visionaries—Activists, Inventors, Religious Figures
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Dorothea Lynde Dix - American educator, social reformer, and humanitarian whose devotion to the welfare of the mentally ill led to widespread reforms in the United States and abroad. |
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Kate Sheppard - English-born activist, who was a leader in the woman suffrage movement in New Zealand. She was instrumental in making New Zealand the first country in the world to grant women the right to vote (1893). |
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Writers—Essayists, Novelists, Poets
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Virginia Woolf - English writer whose novels, through their nonlinear approaches to narrative, exerted a major influence on the genre. |
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Emily Dickinson - American lyric poet who lived in seclusion and commanded a singular brilliance of style and integrity of vision. With Walt Whitman, Dickinson is widely considered to be one of the two leading 19th-century American poets. |
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The woman suffrage movement illustrated in parades and political speeches across the United States.
Copyright © 2004 AIMS Multimedia (www.aimsmultimedia.com)
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American first lady Eleanor Roosevelt promoting the National Youth Administration; from Training Women for War Productions (1942).
National Archives, Washington, D.C.
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Who Have Better Memories: Men or Women?
by Kara Rogers
Information about even the tiniest details of our daily lives zooms along neurons in our brains and is processed and saved in some predetermined location. How and what information is stored in the memory is in part dependent on whether an individual is a man or a woman.
So whose memory is better? Although there are exceptions, in general... (read more)
The Britannica Blog is a place to share smart, lively conversations on just about any topic.
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Although she had no pilot training, Valentina Tereshkova the first woman to travel into space. On June 16, 1963, she was launched in the spacecraft Vostok 6, which completed 48 orbits in 71 hours. She left the cosmonaut program just after her flight, moving on to direct the Soviet Women's Committee in 1968, and from 1974 to 1990-91 she served as a member of the Supreme Soviet Presidium.
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