Frank Lloyd Wright (pictured), who was born on June 8, 1867, brought his unique vision to American architecture. As we approach the 140th anniversary of his birth, we are inclined to examine the role of the building arts in human existence. The art and technique of designing and building embrace both utilitarian and aesthetic ends. Built structures provide shelter, facilitate movement, and express ideas. They can range in complexity from a simple footbridge stretched across a mountain chasm to a monumental palace (such as the Forbidden City) or an enormous tomb (such as the Taj Mahal). Among the oldest man-made works still standing, the Pyramids of Giza remain the idiom of late 20th-century buildings, such as I.M. Pei’s new entrance to the Louvre in Paris.
Pre-Modern Architects
Entrusted with the task of building a wide variety of structures such as palaces, places of worship, and public-use buildings, these architects still found a way to balance aesthetic beauty and functionality with their designs, many of which still stand today:
Modern Architects
Influenced by the great architects and city planners of pre-modern times, these individuals are known the world over for their often unconventional designs:
Modern Structures of Note
The advances of modern technology, including the development of modern building materials such as iron and steel, have given architects the resources to create structures as large as their imaginations. Among these are:
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Chicago's Sears Tower, one of the world's tallest buildings, uses a structural system called the "bundled tube." This innovative system minimized the amount of steel needed for high towers, eliminated internal wind braces (since the perimeter columns bear the weight of the wind force), and permitted freer organization of the interior space.
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Vote Now for the Seven Wonders of the World!
by Michael Levy
What are the Seven Wonders of the World? Think fast. Well, if you think you knew, you might want to reconsider. Ok, so there really isn’t just one list of wonders. The best-known lists are those of the 2nd-century-BC writer Antipater of Sidon and of a later but unknown observer of the 2nd century BC who claimed to be the mathematician Philon of Byzantium. Included on the list of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World were... (read more)
The Britannica Blog is a place to share smart, lively conversations on just about any topic.
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View some of India's most hypnotic ancient architecture.
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Learn about sustainable ("green") architecture.
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Help Students Maintain Their Skills Over the Summer!
While students are out of school for the summer, they can keep learning by using the Learning Materials in Britannica Online School Edition. Students can use these activities to review concepts taught in the classroom and to help sharpen their skills.
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These new Extended Play Videos are between 15 to 45 minutes long, and can be downloaded into Power Point Presentations. The videos can be found on the homepages of Britannica Online School Edition in the “Video Collection” box.
Share these with your students today!
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2007 Britannica Student Encyclopedia
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